1 /* vi: set sw=4 ts=4: */
2 /*
3 * ipcs.c -- provides information on allocated ipc resources.
4 *
5 * 01 Sept 2004 - Rodney Radford <rradford@mindspring.com>
6 * Adapted for busybox from util-linux-2.12a.
7 *
8 * Licensed under GPLv2 or later, see file LICENSE in this source tree.
9 */
10 //config:config IPCS
11 //config: bool "ipcs (11 kb)"
12 //config: default y
13 //config: help
14 //config: The ipcs utility is used to provide information on the currently
15 //config: allocated System V interprocess (IPC) objects in the system.
16
17 //applet:IF_IPCS(APPLET_NOEXEC(ipcs, ipcs, BB_DIR_USR_BIN, BB_SUID_DROP, ipcs))
18
19 //kbuild:lib-$(CONFIG_IPCS) += ipcs.o
20
21 /* X/OPEN tells us to use <sys/{types,ipc,sem}.h> for semctl() */
22 /* X/OPEN tells us to use <sys/{types,ipc,msg}.h> for msgctl() */
23 /* X/OPEN tells us to use <sys/{types,ipc,shm}.h> for shmctl() */
24 #include <sys/types.h>
25 #include <sys/ipc.h>
26 #include <sys/sem.h>
27 #include <sys/msg.h>
28 #include <sys/shm.h>
29
30 #include "libbb.h"
31
32 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
33 /* SHM_DEST and SHM_LOCKED are defined in kernel headers,
34 but inside #ifdef __KERNEL__ ... #endif */
35 #ifndef SHM_DEST
36 /* shm_mode upper byte flags */
37 #define SHM_DEST 01000 /* segment will be destroyed on last detach */
38 #define SHM_LOCKED 02000 /* segment will not be swapped */
39 #endif
40
41 /* For older kernels the same holds for the defines below */
42 #ifndef MSG_STAT
43 #define MSG_STAT 11
44 #define MSG_INFO 12
45 #endif
46
47 #ifndef SHM_STAT
48 #define SHM_STAT 13
49 #define SHM_INFO 14
50 struct shm_info {
51 int used_ids;
52 unsigned long shm_tot; /* total allocated shm */
53 unsigned long shm_rss; /* total resident shm */
54 unsigned long shm_swp; /* total swapped shm */
55 unsigned long swap_attempts;
56 unsigned long swap_successes;
57 };
58 #endif
59
60 #ifndef SEM_STAT
61 #define SEM_STAT 18
62 #define SEM_INFO 19
63 #endif
64
65 /* Some versions of libc only define IPC_INFO when __USE_GNU is defined. */
66 #ifndef IPC_INFO
67 #define IPC_INFO 3
68 #endif
69 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
70
71 /* The last arg of semctl is a union semun, but where is it defined?
72 X/OPEN tells us to define it ourselves, but until recently
73 Linux include files would also define it. */
74 #if defined(__GNU_LIBRARY__) && !defined(_SEM_SEMUN_UNDEFINED)
75 /* union semun is defined by including <sys/sem.h> */
76 #else
77 /* according to X/OPEN we have to define it ourselves */
78 union semun {
79 int val;
80 struct semid_ds *buf;
81 unsigned short *array;
82 struct seminfo *__buf;
83 };
84 #endif
85
86 /* X/OPEN (Jan 1987) does not define fields key, seq in struct ipc_perm;
87 libc 4/5 does not mention struct ipc_term at all, but includes
88 <linux/ipc.h>, which defines a struct ipc_perm with such fields.
89 glibc-1.09 has no support for sysv ipc.
90 glibc 2 uses __key, __seq */
91 #if defined(__GNU_LIBRARY__) && __GNU_LIBRARY__ > 1
92 #define KEY __key
93 #else
94 #define KEY key
95 #endif
96
97 #define LIMITS 1
98 #define STATUS 2
99 #define CREATOR 3
100 #define TIME 4
101 #define PID 5
102
print_perms(int id,struct ipc_perm * ipcp)103 static void print_perms(int id, struct ipc_perm *ipcp)
104 {
105 struct passwd *pw;
106 struct group *gr;
107
108 printf("%-10d %-10o", id, ipcp->mode & 0777);
109
110 pw = getpwuid(ipcp->cuid);
111 if (pw) printf(" %-10s", pw->pw_name);
112 else printf(" %-10d", ipcp->cuid);
113 gr = getgrgid(ipcp->cgid);
114 if (gr) printf(" %-10s", gr->gr_name);
115 else printf(" %-10d", ipcp->cgid);
116
117 pw = getpwuid(ipcp->uid);
118 if (pw) printf(" %-10s", pw->pw_name);
119 else printf(" %-10d", ipcp->uid);
120 gr = getgrgid(ipcp->gid);
121 if (gr) printf(" %-10s\n", gr->gr_name);
122 else printf(" %-10d\n", ipcp->gid);
123 }
124
do_shm(int format)125 static NOINLINE void do_shm(int format)
126 {
127 int maxid, shmid, id;
128 struct shmid_ds shmseg;
129 struct shm_info shm_info;
130 struct shminfo shminfo;
131 struct ipc_perm *ipcp = &shmseg.shm_perm;
132 struct passwd *pw;
133
134 maxid = shmctl(0, SHM_INFO, (struct shmid_ds *) (void *) &shm_info);
135 if (maxid < 0) {
136 printf("kernel not configured for %s\n", "shared memory");
137 return;
138 }
139
140 switch (format) {
141 case LIMITS:
142 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Limits");
143 if ((shmctl(0, IPC_INFO, (struct shmid_ds *) (void *) &shminfo)) < 0)
144 return;
145 /* glibc 2.1.3 and all earlier libc's have ints as fields
146 * of struct shminfo; glibc 2.1.91 has unsigned long; ach */
147 printf("max number of segments = %lu\n"
148 "max seg size (kbytes) = %lu\n"
149 "max total shared memory (pages) = %lu\n"
150 "min seg size (bytes) = %lu\n",
151 (unsigned long) shminfo.shmmni,
152 (unsigned long) (shminfo.shmmax >> 10),
153 (unsigned long) shminfo.shmall,
154 (unsigned long) shminfo.shmmin);
155 return;
156
157 case STATUS:
158 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Status");
159 printf("segments allocated %d\n"
160 "pages allocated %lu\n"
161 "pages resident %lu\n"
162 "pages swapped %lu\n"
163 "Swap performance: %lu attempts\t%lu successes\n",
164 shm_info.used_ids,
165 shm_info.shm_tot,
166 shm_info.shm_rss,
167 shm_info.shm_swp,
168 shm_info.swap_attempts, shm_info.swap_successes);
169 return;
170
171 case CREATOR:
172 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Segment Creators/Owners");
173 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
174 "shmid", "perms", "cuid", "cgid", "uid", "gid");
175 break;
176
177 case TIME:
178 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Attach/Detach/Change Times");
179 printf("%-10s %-10s %-20s %-20s %-20s\n",
180 "shmid", "owner", "attached", "detached", "changed");
181 break;
182
183 case PID:
184 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Creator/Last-op");
185 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
186 "shmid", "owner", "cpid", "lpid");
187 break;
188
189 default:
190 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Segments");
191 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-12s\n",
192 "key", "shmid", "owner", "perms", "bytes", "nattch",
193 "status");
194 break;
195 }
196
197 for (id = 0; id <= maxid; id++) {
198 shmid = shmctl(id, SHM_STAT, &shmseg);
199 if (shmid < 0)
200 continue;
201 if (format == CREATOR) {
202 print_perms(shmid, ipcp);
203 continue;
204 }
205 pw = getpwuid(ipcp->uid);
206 switch (format) {
207 case TIME:
208 if (pw)
209 printf("%-10d %-10.10s", shmid, pw->pw_name);
210 else
211 printf("%-10d %-10d", shmid, ipcp->uid);
212 /* ctime uses static buffer: use separate calls */
213 printf(" %-20.16s", shmseg.shm_atime
214 ? ctime(&shmseg.shm_atime) + 4 : "Not set");
215 printf(" %-20.16s", shmseg.shm_dtime
216 ? ctime(&shmseg.shm_dtime) + 4 : "Not set");
217 printf(" %-20.16s\n", shmseg.shm_ctime
218 ? ctime(&shmseg.shm_ctime) + 4 : "Not set");
219 break;
220 case PID:
221 if (pw)
222 printf("%-10d %-10.10s", shmid, pw->pw_name);
223 else
224 printf("%-10d %-10d", shmid, ipcp->uid);
225 printf(" %-10d %-10d\n", shmseg.shm_cpid, shmseg.shm_lpid);
226 break;
227
228 default:
229 printf("0x%08x ", ipcp->KEY);
230 if (pw)
231 printf("%-10d %-10.10s", shmid, pw->pw_name);
232 else
233 printf("%-10d %-10d", shmid, ipcp->uid);
234 printf(" %-10o %-10lu %-10ld %-6s %-6s\n", ipcp->mode & 0777,
235 /*
236 * earlier: int, Austin has size_t
237 */
238 (unsigned long) shmseg.shm_segsz,
239 /*
240 * glibc-2.1.3 and earlier has unsigned short;
241 * Austin has shmatt_t
242 */
243 (long) shmseg.shm_nattch,
244 ipcp->mode & SHM_DEST ? "dest" : " ",
245 ipcp->mode & SHM_LOCKED ? "locked" : " ");
246 break;
247 }
248 }
249 }
250
do_sem(int format)251 static NOINLINE void do_sem(int format)
252 {
253 int maxid, semid, id;
254 struct semid_ds semary;
255 struct seminfo seminfo;
256 struct ipc_perm *ipcp = &semary.sem_perm;
257 struct passwd *pw;
258 union semun arg;
259
260 arg.array = (unsigned short *) (void *) &seminfo;
261 maxid = semctl(0, 0, SEM_INFO, arg);
262 if (maxid < 0) {
263 printf("kernel not configured for %s\n", "semaphores");
264 return;
265 }
266
267 switch (format) {
268 case LIMITS:
269 printf("------ Semaphore %s --------\n", "Limits");
270 arg.array = (unsigned short *) (void *) &seminfo; /* damn union */
271 if ((semctl(0, 0, IPC_INFO, arg)) < 0)
272 return;
273 printf("max number of arrays = %d\n"
274 "max semaphores per array = %d\n"
275 "max semaphores system wide = %d\n"
276 "max ops per semop call = %d\n"
277 "semaphore max value = %d\n",
278 seminfo.semmni,
279 seminfo.semmsl,
280 seminfo.semmns, seminfo.semopm, seminfo.semvmx);
281 return;
282
283 case STATUS:
284 printf("------ Semaphore %s --------\n", "Status");
285 printf("used arrays = %d\n"
286 "allocated semaphores = %d\n",
287 seminfo.semusz, seminfo.semaem);
288 return;
289
290 case CREATOR:
291 printf("------ Semaphore %s --------\n", "Arrays Creators/Owners");
292 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
293 "semid", "perms", "cuid", "cgid", "uid", "gid");
294 break;
295
296 case TIME:
297 printf("------ Shared Memory %s --------\n", "Operation/Change Times");
298 printf("%-8s %-10s %-26.24s %-26.24s\n",
299 "shmid", "owner", "last-op", "last-changed");
300 break;
301
302 case PID:
303 break;
304
305 default:
306 printf("------ Semaphore %s --------\n", "Arrays");
307 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
308 "key", "semid", "owner", "perms", "nsems");
309 break;
310 }
311
312 for (id = 0; id <= maxid; id++) {
313 arg.buf = (struct semid_ds *) &semary;
314 semid = semctl(id, 0, SEM_STAT, arg);
315 if (semid < 0)
316 continue;
317 if (format == CREATOR) {
318 print_perms(semid, ipcp);
319 continue;
320 }
321 pw = getpwuid(ipcp->uid);
322 switch (format) {
323 case TIME:
324 if (pw)
325 printf("%-8d %-10.10s", semid, pw->pw_name);
326 else
327 printf("%-8d %-10d", semid, ipcp->uid);
328 /* ctime uses static buffer: use separate calls */
329 printf(" %-26.24s", semary.sem_otime
330 ? ctime(&semary.sem_otime) : "Not set");
331 printf(" %-26.24s\n", semary.sem_ctime
332 ? ctime(&semary.sem_ctime) : "Not set");
333 break;
334 case PID:
335 break;
336
337 default:
338 printf("0x%08x ", ipcp->KEY);
339 if (pw)
340 printf("%-10d %-10.9s", semid, pw->pw_name);
341 else
342 printf("%-10d %-9d", semid, ipcp->uid);
343 printf(" %-10o %-10ld\n", ipcp->mode & 0777,
344 /*
345 * glibc-2.1.3 and earlier has unsigned short;
346 * glibc-2.1.91 has variation between
347 * unsigned short and unsigned long
348 * Austin prescribes unsigned short.
349 */
350 (long) semary.sem_nsems);
351 break;
352 }
353 }
354 }
355
do_msg(int format)356 static NOINLINE void do_msg(int format)
357 {
358 int maxid, msqid, id;
359 struct msqid_ds msgque;
360 struct msginfo msginfo;
361 struct ipc_perm *ipcp = &msgque.msg_perm;
362 struct passwd *pw;
363
364 maxid = msgctl(0, MSG_INFO, (struct msqid_ds *) (void *) &msginfo);
365 if (maxid < 0) {
366 printf("kernel not configured for %s\n", "message queues");
367 return;
368 }
369
370 switch (format) {
371 case LIMITS:
372 if ((msgctl(0, IPC_INFO, (struct msqid_ds *) (void *) &msginfo)) < 0)
373 return;
374 printf("------ Message%s --------\n", "s: Limits");
375 printf("max queues system wide = %d\n"
376 "max size of message (bytes) = %d\n"
377 "default max size of queue (bytes) = %d\n",
378 msginfo.msgmni, msginfo.msgmax, msginfo.msgmnb);
379 return;
380
381 case STATUS:
382 printf("------ Message%s --------\n", "s: Status");
383 printf("allocated queues = %d\n"
384 "used headers = %d\n"
385 "used space = %d bytes\n",
386 msginfo.msgpool, msginfo.msgmap, msginfo.msgtql);
387 return;
388
389 case CREATOR:
390 printf("------ Message%s --------\n", " Queues: Creators/Owners");
391 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
392 "msqid", "perms", "cuid", "cgid", "uid", "gid");
393 break;
394
395 case TIME:
396 printf("------ Message%s --------\n", " Queues Send/Recv/Change Times");
397 printf("%-8s %-10s %-20s %-20s %-20s\n",
398 "msqid", "owner", "send", "recv", "change");
399 break;
400
401 case PID:
402 printf("------ Message%s --------\n", " Queues PIDs");
403 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
404 "msqid", "owner", "lspid", "lrpid");
405 break;
406
407 default:
408 printf("------ Message%s --------\n", " Queues");
409 printf("%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-12s %-12s\n",
410 "key", "msqid", "owner", "perms", "used-bytes", "messages");
411 break;
412 }
413
414 for (id = 0; id <= maxid; id++) {
415 msqid = msgctl(id, MSG_STAT, &msgque);
416 if (msqid < 0)
417 continue;
418 if (format == CREATOR) {
419 print_perms(msqid, ipcp);
420 continue;
421 }
422 pw = getpwuid(ipcp->uid);
423 switch (format) {
424 case TIME:
425 if (pw)
426 printf("%-8d %-10.10s", msqid, pw->pw_name);
427 else
428 printf("%-8d %-10d", msqid, ipcp->uid);
429 printf(" %-20.16s", msgque.msg_stime
430 ? ctime(&msgque.msg_stime) + 4 : "Not set");
431 printf(" %-20.16s", msgque.msg_rtime
432 ? ctime(&msgque.msg_rtime) + 4 : "Not set");
433 printf(" %-20.16s\n", msgque.msg_ctime
434 ? ctime(&msgque.msg_ctime) + 4 : "Not set");
435 break;
436 case PID:
437 if (pw)
438 printf("%-8d %-10.10s", msqid, pw->pw_name);
439 else
440 printf("%-8d %-10d", msqid, ipcp->uid);
441 printf(" %5d %5d\n", msgque.msg_lspid, msgque.msg_lrpid);
442 break;
443
444 default:
445 printf("0x%08x ", ipcp->KEY);
446 if (pw)
447 printf("%-10d %-10.10s", msqid, pw->pw_name);
448 else
449 printf("%-10d %-10d", msqid, ipcp->uid);
450 printf(" %-10o %-12ld %-12ld\n", ipcp->mode & 0777,
451 /*
452 * glibc-2.1.3 and earlier has unsigned short;
453 * glibc-2.1.91 has variation between
454 * unsigned short, unsigned long
455 * Austin has msgqnum_t
456 */
457 (long) msgque.msg_cbytes, (long) msgque.msg_qnum);
458 break;
459 }
460 }
461 }
462
print_shm(int shmid)463 static void print_shm(int shmid)
464 {
465 struct shmid_ds shmds;
466 struct ipc_perm *ipcp = &shmds.shm_perm;
467
468 if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_STAT, &shmds) == -1) {
469 bb_simple_perror_msg("shmctl");
470 return;
471 }
472
473 printf("\nShared memory Segment shmid=%d\n"
474 "uid=%d\tgid=%d\tcuid=%d\tcgid=%d\n"
475 "mode=%#o\taccess_perms=%#o\n"
476 "bytes=%ld\tlpid=%d\tcpid=%d\tnattch=%ld\n",
477 shmid,
478 ipcp->uid, ipcp->gid, ipcp->cuid, ipcp->cgid,
479 ipcp->mode, ipcp->mode & 0777,
480 (long) shmds.shm_segsz, shmds.shm_lpid, shmds.shm_cpid,
481 (long) shmds.shm_nattch);
482 printf("att_time=%-26.24s\n",
483 shmds.shm_atime ? ctime(&shmds.shm_atime) : "Not set");
484 printf("det_time=%-26.24s\n",
485 shmds.shm_dtime ? ctime(&shmds.shm_dtime) : "Not set");
486 printf("change_time=%-26.24s\n\n", ctime(&shmds.shm_ctime));
487 }
488
print_msg(int msqid)489 static void print_msg(int msqid)
490 {
491 struct msqid_ds buf;
492 struct ipc_perm *ipcp = &buf.msg_perm;
493
494 if (msgctl(msqid, IPC_STAT, &buf) == -1) {
495 bb_simple_perror_msg("msgctl");
496 return;
497 }
498
499 printf("\nMessage Queue msqid=%d\n"
500 "uid=%d\tgid=%d\tcuid=%d\tcgid=%d\tmode=%#o\n"
501 "cbytes=%ld\tqbytes=%ld\tqnum=%ld\tlspid=%d\tlrpid=%d\n",
502 msqid, ipcp->uid, ipcp->gid, ipcp->cuid, ipcp->cgid, ipcp->mode,
503 /*
504 * glibc-2.1.3 and earlier has unsigned short;
505 * glibc-2.1.91 has variation between
506 * unsigned short, unsigned long
507 * Austin has msgqnum_t (for msg_qbytes)
508 */
509 (long) buf.msg_cbytes, (long) buf.msg_qbytes,
510 (long) buf.msg_qnum, buf.msg_lspid, buf.msg_lrpid);
511
512 printf("send_time=%-26.24s\n",
513 buf.msg_stime ? ctime(&buf.msg_stime) : "Not set");
514 printf("rcv_time=%-26.24s\n",
515 buf.msg_rtime ? ctime(&buf.msg_rtime) : "Not set");
516 printf("change_time=%-26.24s\n\n",
517 buf.msg_ctime ? ctime(&buf.msg_ctime) : "Not set");
518 }
519
print_sem(int semid)520 static void print_sem(int semid)
521 {
522 struct semid_ds semds;
523 struct ipc_perm *ipcp = &semds.sem_perm;
524 union semun arg;
525 unsigned int i;
526
527 arg.buf = &semds;
528 if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_STAT, arg)) {
529 bb_simple_perror_msg("semctl");
530 return;
531 }
532
533 printf("\nSemaphore Array semid=%d\n"
534 "uid=%d\t gid=%d\t cuid=%d\t cgid=%d\n"
535 "mode=%#o, access_perms=%#o\n"
536 "nsems = %ld\n"
537 "otime = %-26.24s\n",
538 semid,
539 ipcp->uid, ipcp->gid, ipcp->cuid, ipcp->cgid,
540 ipcp->mode, ipcp->mode & 0777,
541 (long) semds.sem_nsems,
542 semds.sem_otime ? ctime(&semds.sem_otime) : "Not set");
543 printf("ctime = %-26.24s\n"
544 "%-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s %-10s\n",
545 ctime(&semds.sem_ctime),
546 "semnum", "value", "ncount", "zcount", "pid");
547
548 arg.val = 0;
549 for (i = 0; i < semds.sem_nsems; i++) {
550 int val, ncnt, zcnt, pid;
551
552 val = semctl(semid, i, GETVAL, arg);
553 ncnt = semctl(semid, i, GETNCNT, arg);
554 zcnt = semctl(semid, i, GETZCNT, arg);
555 pid = semctl(semid, i, GETPID, arg);
556 if (val < 0 || ncnt < 0 || zcnt < 0 || pid < 0) {
557 bb_simple_perror_msg_and_die("semctl");
558 }
559 printf("%-10u %-10d %-10d %-10d %-10d\n", i, val, ncnt, zcnt, pid);
560 }
561 bb_putchar('\n');
562 }
563
564 //usage:#define ipcs_trivial_usage
565 //usage: "[[-smq] -i SHMID] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]"
566 //usage:#define ipcs_full_usage "\n\n"
567 //usage: " -i ID Show specific resource"
568 //usage: "\nResource specification:"
569 //usage: "\n -m Shared memory segments"
570 //usage: "\n -q Message queues"
571 //usage: "\n -s Semaphore arrays"
572 //usage: "\n -a All (default)"
573 //usage: "\nOutput format:"
574 //usage: "\n -t Time"
575 //usage: "\n -c Creator"
576 //usage: "\n -p Pid"
577 //usage: "\n -l Limits"
578 //usage: "\n -u Summary"
579
580 int ipcs_main(int argc, char **argv) MAIN_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE;
ipcs_main(int argc UNUSED_PARAM,char ** argv)581 int ipcs_main(int argc UNUSED_PARAM, char **argv)
582 {
583 int format = 0;
584 unsigned opt;
585 char *opt_i;
586
587 opt = getopt32(argv, "i:aqsmtcplu", &opt_i);
588 #define flag_msg (1<<2)
589 #define flag_sem (1<<3)
590 #define flag_shm (1<<4)
591 if (opt & (1<<5)) format = TIME; // -t
592 if (opt & (1<<6)) format = CREATOR; // -c
593 if (opt & (1<<7)) format = PID; // -p
594 if (opt & (1<<8)) format = LIMITS; // -l
595 if (opt & (1<<9)) format = STATUS; // -u
596
597 if (opt & (1<<0)) { // -i
598 int id;
599
600 id = xatoi(opt_i);
601 if (opt & flag_shm) {
602 print_shm(id);
603 fflush_stdout_and_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
604 }
605 if (opt & flag_sem) {
606 print_sem(id);
607 fflush_stdout_and_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
608 }
609 if (opt & flag_msg) {
610 print_msg(id);
611 fflush_stdout_and_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
612 }
613 bb_show_usage();
614 }
615
616 if ((opt & (1<<1)) // -a
617 || !(opt & (flag_msg | flag_sem | flag_shm)) // none of -q,-s,-m == all
618 ) {
619 opt |= flag_msg | flag_sem | flag_shm;
620 }
621
622 bb_putchar('\n');
623
624 if (opt & flag_msg) {
625 do_msg(format);
626 bb_putchar('\n');
627 }
628 if (opt & flag_shm) {
629 do_shm(format);
630 bb_putchar('\n');
631 }
632 if (opt & flag_sem) {
633 do_sem(format);
634 bb_putchar('\n');
635 }
636 fflush_stdout_and_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
637 }
638