1parameter=abcdef 2offset=2 3noffset=-2 4echo "parameter '${parameter}'" 5echo "varoffset2 '${parameter:${offset}}'" 6echo "varoffset-2 '${parameter:${noffset}}'" 7echo "literal '2' '${parameter:2}'" 8# This is not interpreted as ${VAR:POS{:LEN}}, 9# but as ${VAR:=WORD} - if VAR is unset or null, substitute WORD 10echo "literal '-2' '${parameter:-2}'" 11echo "literal ' -2' '${parameter: -2}'" 12