1http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sed1line.txt 2------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3HANDY ONE-LINERS FOR SED (Unix stream editor) Apr. 26, 2004 4compiled by Eric Pement - pemente[at]northpark[dot]edu version 5.4 5Latest version of this file is usually at: 6 http://sed.sourceforge.net/sed1line.txt 7 http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sed1line.txt 8This file is also available in Portuguese at: 9 http://www.lrv.ufsc.br/wmaker/sed_ptBR.html 10 11FILE SPACING: 12 13 # double space a file 14 sed G 15 16 # double space a file which already has blank lines in it. Output file 17 # should contain no more than one blank line between lines of text. 18 sed '/^$/d;G' 19 20 # triple space a file 21 sed 'G;G' 22 23 # undo double-spacing (assumes even-numbered lines are always blank) 24 sed 'n;d' 25 26 # insert a blank line above every line which matches "regex" 27 sed '/regex/{x;p;x;}' 28 29 # insert a blank line below every line which matches "regex" 30 sed '/regex/G' 31 32 # insert a blank line above and below every line which matches "regex" 33 sed '/regex/{x;p;x;G;}' 34 35NUMBERING: 36 37 # number each line of a file (simple left alignment). Using a tab (see 38 # note on '\t' at end of file) instead of space will preserve margins. 39 sed = filename | sed 'N;s/\n/\t/' 40 41 # number each line of a file (number on left, right-aligned) 42 sed = filename | sed 'N; s/^/ /; s/ *\(.\{6,\}\)\n/\1 /' 43 44 # number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank 45 sed '/./=' filename | sed '/./N; s/\n/ /' 46 47 # count lines (emulates "wc -l") 48 sed -n '$=' 49 50TEXT CONVERSION AND SUBSTITUTION: 51 52 # IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format 53 sed 's/.$//' # assumes that all lines end with CR/LF 54 sed 's/^M$//' # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-M 55 sed 's/\x0D$//' # gsed 3.02.80, but top script is easier 56 57 # IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format 58 sed "s/$/`echo -e \\\r`/" # command line under ksh 59 sed 's/$'"/`echo \\\r`/" # command line under bash 60 sed "s/$/`echo \\\r`/" # command line under zsh 61 sed 's/$/\r/' # gsed 3.02.80 62 63 # IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format 64 sed "s/$//" # method 1 65 sed -n p # method 2 66 67 # IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format 68 # Can only be done with UnxUtils sed, version 4.0.7 or higher. 69 # Cannot be done with other DOS versions of sed. Use "tr" instead. 70 sed "s/\r//" infile >outfile # UnxUtils sed v4.0.7 or higher 71 tr -d \r <infile >outfile # GNU tr version 1.22 or higher 72 73 # delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line 74 # aligns all text flush left 75 sed 's/^[ \t]*//' # see note on '\t' at end of file 76 77 # delete trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs) from end of each line 78 sed 's/[ \t]*$//' # see note on '\t' at end of file 79 80 # delete BOTH leading and trailing whitespace from each line 81 sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//' 82 83 # insert 5 blank spaces at beginning of each line (make page offset) 84 sed 's/^/ /' 85 86 # align all text flush right on a 79-column width 87 sed -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,78\}$/ &/;ta' # set at 78 plus 1 space 88 89 # center all text in the middle of 79-column width. In method 1, 90 # spaces at the beginning of the line are significant, and trailing 91 # spaces are appended at the end of the line. In method 2, spaces at 92 # the beginning of the line are discarded in centering the line, and 93 # no trailing spaces appear at the end of lines. 94 sed -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ & /;ta' # method 1 95 sed -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ &/;ta' -e 's/\( *\)\1/\1/' # method 2 96 97 # substitute (find and replace) "foo" with "bar" on each line 98 sed 's/foo/bar/' # replaces only 1st instance in a line 99 sed 's/foo/bar/4' # replaces only 4th instance in a line 100 sed 's/foo/bar/g' # replaces ALL instances in a line 101 sed 's/\(.*\)foo\(.*foo\)/\1bar\2/' # replace the next-to-last case 102 sed 's/\(.*\)foo/\1bar/' # replace only the last case 103 104 # substitute "foo" with "bar" ONLY for lines which contain "baz" 105 sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g' 106 107 # substitute "foo" with "bar" EXCEPT for lines which contain "baz" 108 sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g' 109 110 # change "scarlet" or "ruby" or "puce" to "red" 111 sed 's/scarlet/red/g;s/ruby/red/g;s/puce/red/g' # most seds 112 gsed 's/scarlet\|ruby\|puce/red/g' # GNU sed only 113 114 # reverse order of lines (emulates "tac") 115 # bug/feature in HHsed v1.5 causes blank lines to be deleted 116 sed '1!G;h;$!d' # method 1 117 sed -n '1!G;h;$p' # method 2 118 119 # reverse each character on the line (emulates "rev") 120 sed '/\n/!G;s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//' 121 122 # join pairs of lines side-by-side (like "paste") 123 sed '$!N;s/\n/ /' 124 125 # if a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it 126 sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' 127 128 # if a line begins with an equal sign, append it to the previous line 129 # and replace the "=" with a single space 130 sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\n=/ /;ta' -e 'P;D' 131 132 # add commas to numeric strings, changing "1234567" to "1,234,567" 133 gsed ':a;s/\B[0-9]\{3\}\>/,&/;ta' # GNU sed 134 sed -e :a -e 's/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/;ta' # other seds 135 136 # add commas to numbers with decimal points and minus signs (GNU sed) 137 gsed ':a;s/\(^\|[^0-9.]\)\([0-9]\+\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1\2,\3/g;ta' 138 139 # add a blank line every 5 lines (after lines 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.) 140 gsed '0~5G' # GNU sed only 141 sed 'n;n;n;n;G;' # other seds 142 143SELECTIVE PRINTING OF CERTAIN LINES: 144 145 # print first 10 lines of file (emulates behavior of "head") 146 sed 10q 147 148 # print first line of file (emulates "head -1") 149 sed q 150 151 # print the last 10 lines of a file (emulates "tail") 152 sed -e :a -e '$q;N;11,$D;ba' 153 154 # print the last 2 lines of a file (emulates "tail -2") 155 sed '$!N;$!D' 156 157 # print the last line of a file (emulates "tail -1") 158 sed '$!d' # method 1 159 sed -n '$p' # method 2 160 161 # print only lines which match regular expression (emulates "grep") 162 sed -n '/regexp/p' # method 1 163 sed '/regexp/!d' # method 2 164 165 # print only lines which do NOT match regexp (emulates "grep -v") 166 sed -n '/regexp/!p' # method 1, corresponds to above 167 sed '/regexp/d' # method 2, simpler syntax 168 169 # print the line immediately before a regexp, but not the line 170 # containing the regexp 171 sed -n '/regexp/{g;1!p;};h' 172 173 # print the line immediately after a regexp, but not the line 174 # containing the regexp 175 sed -n '/regexp/{n;p;}' 176 177 # print 1 line of context before and after regexp, with line number 178 # indicating where the regexp occurred (similar to "grep -A1 -B1") 179 sed -n -e '/regexp/{=;x;1!p;g;$!N;p;D;}' -e h 180 181 # grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order) 182 sed '/AAA/!d; /BBB/!d; /CCC/!d' 183 184 # grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in that order) 185 sed '/AAA.*BBB.*CCC/!d' 186 187 # grep for AAA or BBB or CCC (emulates "egrep") 188 sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d # most seds 189 gsed '/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/!d' # GNU sed only 190 191 # print paragraph if it contains AAA (blank lines separate paragraphs) 192 # HHsed v1.5 must insert a 'G;' after 'x;' in the next 3 scripts below 193 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;' 194 195 # print paragraph if it contains AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order) 196 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;/BBB/!d;/CCC/!d' 197 198 # print paragraph if it contains AAA or BBB or CCC 199 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d 200 gsed '/./{H;$!d;};x;/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/b;d' # GNU sed only 201 202 # print only lines of 65 characters or longer 203 sed -n '/^.\{65\}/p' 204 205 # print only lines of less than 65 characters 206 sed -n '/^.\{65\}/!p' # method 1, corresponds to above 207 sed '/^.\{65\}/d' # method 2, simpler syntax 208 209 # print section of file from regular expression to end of file 210 sed -n '/regexp/,$p' 211 212 # print section of file based on line numbers (lines 8-12, inclusive) 213 sed -n '8,12p' # method 1 214 sed '8,12!d' # method 2 215 216 # print line number 52 217 sed -n '52p' # method 1 218 sed '52!d' # method 2 219 sed '52q;d' # method 3, efficient on large files 220 221 # beginning at line 3, print every 7th line 222 gsed -n '3~7p' # GNU sed only 223 sed -n '3,${p;n;n;n;n;n;n;}' # other seds 224 225 # print section of file between two regular expressions (inclusive) 226 sed -n '/Iowa/,/Montana/p' # case sensitive 227 228SELECTIVE DELETION OF CERTAIN LINES: 229 230 # print all of file EXCEPT section between 2 regular expressions 231 sed '/Iowa/,/Montana/d' 232 233 # delete duplicate, consecutive lines from a file (emulates "uniq"). 234 # First line in a set of duplicate lines is kept, rest are deleted. 235 sed '$!N; /^\(.*\)\n\1$/!P; D' 236 237 # delete duplicate, nonconsecutive lines from a file. Beware not to 238 # overflow the buffer size of the hold space, or else use GNU sed. 239 sed -n 'G; s/\n/&&/; /^\([ -~]*\n\).*\n\1/d; s/\n//; h; P' 240 241 # delete all lines except duplicate lines (emulates "uniq -d"). 242 sed '$!N; s/^\(.*\)\n\1$/\1/; t; D' 243 244 # delete the first 10 lines of a file 245 sed '1,10d' 246 247 # delete the last line of a file 248 sed '$d' 249 250 # delete the last 2 lines of a file 251 sed 'N;$!P;$!D;$d' 252 253 # delete the last 10 lines of a file 254 sed -e :a -e '$d;N;2,10ba' -e 'P;D' # method 1 255 sed -n -e :a -e '1,10!{P;N;D;};N;ba' # method 2 256 257 # delete every 8th line 258 gsed '0~8d' # GNU sed only 259 sed 'n;n;n;n;n;n;n;d;' # other seds 260 261 # delete ALL blank lines from a file (same as "grep '.' ") 262 sed '/^$/d' # method 1 263 sed '/./!d' # method 2 264 265 # delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first; also 266 # deletes all blank lines from top and end of file (emulates "cat -s") 267 sed '/./,/^$/!d' # method 1, allows 0 blanks at top, 1 at EOF 268 sed '/^$/N;/\n$/D' # method 2, allows 1 blank at top, 0 at EOF 269 270 # delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first 2: 271 sed '/^$/N;/\n$/N;//D' 272 273 # delete all leading blank lines at top of file 274 sed '/./,$!d' 275 276 # delete all trailing blank lines at end of file 277 sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/{$d;N;ba' -e '}' # works on all seds 278 sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/N;/\n$/ba' # ditto, except for gsed 3.02* 279 280 # delete the last line of each paragraph 281 sed -n '/^$/{p;h;};/./{x;/./p;}' 282 283SPECIAL APPLICATIONS: 284 285 # remove nroff overstrikes (char, backspace) from man pages. The 'echo' 286 # command may need an -e switch if you use Unix System V or bash shell. 287 sed "s/.`echo \\\b`//g" # double quotes required for Unix environment 288 sed 's/.^H//g' # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V and then Ctrl-H 289 sed 's/.\x08//g' # hex expression for sed v1.5 290 291 # get Usenet/e-mail message header 292 sed '/^$/q' # deletes everything after first blank line 293 294 # get Usenet/e-mail message body 295 sed '1,/^$/d' # deletes everything up to first blank line 296 297 # get Subject header, but remove initial "Subject: " portion 298 sed '/^Subject: */!d; s///;q' 299 300 # get return address header 301 sed '/^Reply-To:/q; /^From:/h; /./d;g;q' 302 303 # parse out the address proper. Pulls out the e-mail address by itself 304 # from the 1-line return address header (see preceding script) 305 sed 's/ *(.*)//; s/>.*//; s/.*[:<] *//' 306 307 # add a leading angle bracket and space to each line (quote a message) 308 sed 's/^/> /' 309 310 # delete leading angle bracket & space from each line (unquote a message) 311 sed 's/^> //' 312 313 # remove most HTML tags (accommodates multiple-line tags) 314 sed -e :a -e 's/<[^>]*>//g;/</N;//ba' 315 316 # extract multi-part uuencoded binaries, removing extraneous header 317 # info, so that only the uuencoded portion remains. Files passed to 318 # sed must be passed in the proper order. Version 1 can be entered 319 # from the command line; version 2 can be made into an executable 320 # Unix shell script. (Modified from a script by Rahul Dhesi.) 321 sed '/^end/,/^begin/d' file1 file2 ... fileX | uudecode # vers. 1 322 sed '/^end/,/^begin/d' "$@" | uudecode # vers. 2 323 324 # zip up each .TXT file individually, deleting the source file and 325 # setting the name of each .ZIP file to the basename of the .TXT file 326 # (under DOS: the "dir /b" switch returns bare filenames in all caps). 327 echo @echo off >zipup.bat 328 dir /b *.txt | sed "s/^\(.*\)\.TXT/pkzip -mo \1 \1.TXT/" >>zipup.bat 329 330TYPICAL USE: Sed takes one or more editing commands and applies all of 331them, in sequence, to each line of input. After all the commands have 332been applied to the first input line, that line is output and a second 333input line is taken for processing, and the cycle repeats. The 334preceding examples assume that input comes from the standard input 335device (i.e, the console, normally this will be piped input). One or 336more filenames can be appended to the command line if the input does 337not come from stdin. Output is sent to stdout (the screen). Thus: 338 339 cat filename | sed '10q' # uses piped input 340 sed '10q' filename # same effect, avoids a useless "cat" 341 sed '10q' filename > newfile # redirects output to disk 342 343For additional syntax instructions, including the way to apply editing 344commands from a disk file instead of the command line, consult "sed & 345awk, 2nd Edition," by Dale Dougherty and Arnold Robbins (O'Reilly, 3461997; http://www.ora.com), "UNIX Text Processing," by Dale Dougherty 347and Tim O'Reilly (Hayden Books, 1987) or the tutorials by Mike Arst 348distributed in U-SEDIT2.ZIP (many sites). To fully exploit the power 349of sed, one must understand "regular expressions." For this, see 350"Mastering Regular Expressions" by Jeffrey Friedl (O'Reilly, 1997). 351The manual ("man") pages on Unix systems may be helpful (try "man 352sed", "man regexp", or the subsection on regular expressions in "man 353ed"), but man pages are notoriously difficult. They are not written to 354teach sed use or regexps to first-time users, but as a reference text 355for those already acquainted with these tools. 356 357QUOTING SYNTAX: The preceding examples use single quotes ('...') 358instead of double quotes ("...") to enclose editing commands, since 359sed is typically used on a Unix platform. Single quotes prevent the 360Unix shell from intrepreting the dollar sign ($) and backquotes 361(`...`), which are expanded by the shell if they are enclosed in 362double quotes. Users of the "csh" shell and derivatives will also need 363to quote the exclamation mark (!) with the backslash (i.e., \!) to 364properly run the examples listed above, even within single quotes. 365Versions of sed written for DOS invariably require double quotes 366("...") instead of single quotes to enclose editing commands. 367 368USE OF '\t' IN SED SCRIPTS: For clarity in documentation, we have used 369the expression '\t' to indicate a tab character (0x09) in the scripts. 370However, most versions of sed do not recognize the '\t' abbreviation, 371so when typing these scripts from the command line, you should press 372the TAB key instead. '\t' is supported as a regular expression 373metacharacter in awk, perl, and HHsed, sedmod, and GNU sed v3.02.80. 374 375VERSIONS OF SED: Versions of sed do differ, and some slight syntax 376variation is to be expected. In particular, most do not support the 377use of labels (:name) or branch instructions (b,t) within editing 378commands, except at the end of those commands. We have used the syntax 379which will be portable to most users of sed, even though the popular 380GNU versions of sed allow a more succinct syntax. When the reader sees 381a fairly long command such as this: 382 383 sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d 384 385it is heartening to know that GNU sed will let you reduce it to: 386 387 sed '/AAA/b;/BBB/b;/CCC/b;d' # or even 388 sed '/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/b;d' 389 390In addition, remember that while many versions of sed accept a command 391like "/one/ s/RE1/RE2/", some do NOT allow "/one/! s/RE1/RE2/", which 392contains space before the 's'. Omit the space when typing the command. 393 394OPTIMIZING FOR SPEED: If execution speed needs to be increased (due to 395large input files or slow processors or hard disks), substitution will 396be executed more quickly if the "find" expression is specified before 397giving the "s/.../.../" instruction. Thus: 398 399 sed 's/foo/bar/g' filename # standard replace command 400 sed '/foo/ s/foo/bar/g' filename # executes more quickly 401 sed '/foo/ s//bar/g' filename # shorthand sed syntax 402 403On line selection or deletion in which you only need to output lines 404from the first part of the file, a "quit" command (q) in the script 405will drastically reduce processing time for large files. Thus: 406 407 sed -n '45,50p' filename # print line nos. 45-50 of a file 408 sed -n '51q;45,50p' filename # same, but executes much faster 409 410If you have any additional scripts to contribute or if you find errors 411in this document, please send e-mail to the compiler. Indicate the 412version of sed you used, the operating system it was compiled for, and 413the nature of the problem. Various scripts in this file were written 414or contributed by: 415 416 Al Aab <af137@freenet.toronto.on.ca> # "seders" list moderator 417 Edgar Allen <era@sky.net> # various 418 Yiorgos Adamopoulos <adamo@softlab.ece.ntua.gr> 419 Dale Dougherty <dale@songline.com> # author of "sed & awk" 420 Carlos Duarte <cdua@algos.inesc.pt> # author of "do it with sed" 421 Eric Pement <pemente@northpark.edu> # author of this document 422 Ken Pizzini <ken@halcyon.com> # author of GNU sed v3.02 423 S.G. Ravenhall <stew.ravenhall@totalise.co.uk> # great de-html script 424 Greg Ubben <gsu@romulus.ncsc.mil> # many contributions & much help 425------------------------------------------------------------------------- 426