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/systemd-251/LICENSES/
DCC0-1.0.txt17 exclusive Copyright and Related Rights (defined below) upon the creator
18 and subsequent owner(s) (each and all, an "owner") of an original work of
19 authorship and/or a database (each, a "Work").
22 the purpose of contributing to a commons of creative, cultural and
23 scientific works ("Commons") that the public can reliably and without fear
25 works, reuse and redistribute as freely as possible in any form whatsoever
26 and for any purposes, including without limitation commercial purposes.
28 culture and the further production of creative, cultural and scientific
30 part through the use and efforts of others.
32 For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any
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DLGPL-2.0-or-later.txt8 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing…
14 …our freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are intended to g…
16 …e, applies to some specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any other librar…
18and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want i…
22 …they can relink them with the library, after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And…
24 …teps: (1) copyright the library, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission t…
26 …warranty for this free library. If the library is modified by someone else and passed on, we want …
30 …ense is quite different from the ordinary one; be sure to read it in full, and don't assume that a…
32and simply using it. Linking a program with a library, without changing the library, is in some se…
38 …rms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. Pay close attention to the d…
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DOFL-1.1.txt8 This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at:
19 efforts of academic and linguistic communities, and to provide a free and
20 open framework in which fonts may be shared and improved in partnership
23 The OFL allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and
26 redistributed and/or sold with any software provided that any reserved
27 names are not used by derivative works. The fonts and derivatives,
34 Holder(s) under this license and clearly marked as such. This may
35 include source files, build scripts and documentation.
54 redistribute, and sell modified and unmodified copies of the Font
61 redistributed and/or sold with any software, provided that each copy
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/systemd-251/docs/
DARCHITECTURE.md17 Directories in `src/` provide the implementation of all daemons, libraries and
18 command-line tools shipped by the project. There are many, and more are
24 You might wonder what kind of common code belongs in `src/shared/` and what
30 between multiple components and does not need to be in `src/basic/`, should be
45 `src/libsystemd/`, `src/nss-*`, `src/login/pam_systemd.*`, and files under
51 Code located in `src/core/` implements the main logic of the systemd system (and user)
54 BPF helpers written in C and used by PID 1 can be found under `src/core/bpf/`.
58 The system and session manager supports a large number of unit settings. These can generally
63 3. Via the `systemd-run` and `systemctl set-property` commands
68 1. *unit* *files* are parsed in `src/core/load-fragment.c`, with many simple and fixed-type
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DCGROUP_DELEGATION.md2 title: Control Group APIs and Delegation
8 # Control Group APIs and Delegation
11 cgroup access, such as container managers and similar.*
14 control groups (cgroups) a bit and are trying to integrate your software with
16 concepts and interfaces involved with this.
18 What's described here has been part of systemd and documented since v205
19 times. However, it has been updated and improved substantially, even
33 * [Writing VM and Container Managers](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/writing-vm-…
37 with cgroups and systemd, in particular as they shine more light on the various
48 to have processes directly attached to a cgroup that also has child cgroups and
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DCODING_STYLE.md12 - 8ch indent, no tabs, except for files in `man/` which are 2ch indent, and
13 still no tabs, and shell scripts, which are 4ch indent, and no tabs either.
23 overdo it, ~109ch should be enough really. The `.editorconfig`, `.vimrc` and
94 expressions, and align them vertically. Define both an enum and a type for
112 "invalid" enum value, and set it to `-EINVAL`. That way the enum type can
122 ## Code Organization and Semantics
127 set of conservative and common extensions, such as fixed size integer types
131 have different size in memory and slightly different semantics, also see
132 below.) Both for internal and external code it's OK to use even newer
133 features and GCC extension than "gnu11", as long as there's reasonable
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DBOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION.md10 _TL;DR: Currently there's no common boot scheme across architectures and
14 single boot configuration format that is based on drop-in files, and thus is
15 robust, simple, works without rewriting configuration files and is free of
21 between various boot loader implementations, operating systems, and userspace
29 * Distribution and Core OS developers, in order to create these snippets at
33 * OS Installer developers, to prepare their installation media and for setting
46 MBR, and only that one installation can then update the boot loader
48 configured to never touch the MBR and instead install a chain-loaded boot
51 place, and all participants implicitly cooperate due to removal of name
52 collisions and can install/remove their own boot menu entries at free will,
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DTEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES.md2 title: Using /tmp/ and /var/tmp/ Safely
8 # Using `/tmp/` and `/var/tmp/` Safely
10 `/tmp/` and `/var/tmp/` are two world-writable directories Linux systems
11 provide for temporary files. The former is typically on `tmpfs` and thus
12 backed by RAM/swap, and flushed out on each reboot. The latter is typically a
13 proper, persistent file system, and thus backed by physical storage. This
21 If the `$TMPDIR` environment variable is set, use that path, and neither use
26 for details about these two (and most other) directories of a Linux system.
30 Note that `/tmp/` and `/var/tmp/` each define a common namespace shared by all
41 directories are pre-created during early boot, and thus problematic if package
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DUSER_GROUP_API.md3 category: Users, Groups and Home Directories
11 and [JSON Group Records](GROUP_RECORD.md) documents) that are defined on the
14 [`getpwnam(3)`](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/getpwnam.3.html) and
19 user/group records from local services, and allows local subsystems to provide
28 This simple API only exposes only three method calls, and requires only a small
35 preferring Varlink over D-Bus and other IPCs in this context was made for three
38 1. User/Group record resolution should work during early boot and late shutdown
40 service for D-Bus generally runs as regular system daemon and is hence only
44 system that natively operates with JSON data is natural and clean.
46 3. IPC systems such as D-Bus do not provide flow control and are thus unusable
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DCONTAINER_INTERFACE.md20 running systemd it may just set it before invoking systemd, and systemd will
24 2. Make sure to pre-mount `/proc/`, `/sys/`, and `/sys/fs/selinux/` before
25 invoking systemd, and mount `/sys/`, `/sys/fs/selinux/` and `/proc/sys/`
30 uts and pid namespaces enabled, the entire `/proc/sys` can be left writable).
31 systemd and various other subsystems (such as the SELinux userspace) have
33 (It's OK to mount `/sys/` as `tmpfs` btw, and only mount a subset of its
34 sub-trees from the real `sysfs` to hide `/sys/firmware/`, `/sys/kernel/` and
36 condition is what systemd looks for, and is what is considered to be the API
39 3. Pre-mount `/dev/` as (container private) `tmpfs` for the container and bind
55 4. `systemd-udevd` is not available in containers (and refuses to start), and
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DUSER_NAMES.md3 category: Users, Groups and Home Directories
10 The precise set of allowed user and group names on Linux systems is weakly
11 defined. Depending on the distribution a different set of requirements and
15 processing users/group defined by other subsystems and when defining users/groups
18 will enforce the same rules everywhere and not make them configurable or
27 is defined as [lower and upper case ASCII letters, digits, period,
28 underscore, and
36 `^[a-z][-a-z0-9]*$`, i.e. only lower case ASCII letters, digits and
44 allows underscores and hyphens, but the latter not as first character. Also,
49 32 characters, with upper and lower case letters, digits, underscores,
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DINITRD_INTERFACE.md12 file system archive that is unpacked by the kernel and contains the first
13 userspace code that runs. It typically finds and transitions into the actual
14 root file system to use. systemd supports both initrd and initrd-less boots. If
16 from the initrd to systemd in order to avoid duplicate work and to provide
18 describe the interfaces that exist between the initrd and systemd. These
19 interfaces are currently used by dracut and the ArchLinux initrds.
21 * The initrd should mount `/run/` as a tmpfs and pass it pre-mounted when
26 appropriate and passes it pre-mounted to the main system, to avoid the
32 initrd environment to which systemd will pivot back and the `shutdown`
35 to set up this directory and executable in the right way so that this works
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DPORTABILITY_AND_STABILITY.md2 title: Interface Portability and Stability
8 # Interface Portability and Stability Promise
10 …pers and programs might rely on. Starting with version 26 (the first version released with Fedora …
16and all other command line utilities installed in `$PATH` and documented in a man page. We will ma…
20 …it names** and their semantics. To be precise the ones that are necessary for normal services, and
22and other daemons**. We try to always preserve backwards compatibility, and intentional breakage i…
24 * For a more comprehensive and authoritative list, consult the chart below.
28 … e.g. the high-level unit states inactive, active, deactivating, and so on, as well (and in partic…
32 The following interfaces are considered private to systemd, and are not and will not be covered by …
34 * **Undocumented switches** to `systemd`, `systemctl` and otherwise.
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DUIDS-GIDS.md2 title: Users, Groups, UIDs and GIDs on systemd Systems
3 category: Users, Groups and Home Directories
8 # Users, Groups, UIDs and GIDs on systemd Systems
10 Here's a summary of the requirements `systemd` (and Linux) make on UID/GID
11 assignments and their ranges.
13 Note that while in theory UIDs and GIDs are orthogonal concepts they really
15 that whatever we say about UIDs applies to GIDs in mostly the same way, and all
16 the special assignments and ranges for UIDs always have mostly the same
31 bit confused the `nobody` user is called `nfsnobody` there (and they have a
37 `setresuid()`, `chown()` and friends treat -1 as a special request to not
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DJOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT.md24 making this available primarily to allow review and provide documentation. Note
28 and the code disagree, the code is right. That said we'll of course try hard to
29 keep this document up-to-date and accurate.
34 these files. It provides you with full access to the files, and will not
35 withhold any data. If you find a limitation, please ping us and we might add
42 format is much simpler to parse, but complete and accurate. Due to its
50 instead! This document is primarily for your entertainment and education.
54 the properties of a journal entry and so on. If not, please go and read up,
59 usually don't), and the same field might have multiple values assigned within
64 but received various compatible and incompatible additions since.
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DUSER_RECORD.md3 category: Users, Groups and Home Directories
12 and consume records in a more extensible format of a dictionary of key/value
16 manages `human` user home directories and embeds these JSON records
21 processes these JSON records for users that log in, and applies various
23 levels and more.
26 processes these JSON records of users that log in, and applies various
33 both for look-up and enumeration.
42 for querying and enumerating records of this type, optionally acquiring them
46 passwd`, and are extensible for other applications. For example, the record may
55 3. Resource Management settings (such as CPU/IO weights, memory and tasks
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DCREDENTIALS.md8 # System and Service Credentials
11 acquiring and passing credential data to systems and services. The precise
13 intended to provide systems and services with potentially security sensitive
14 cryptographic keys, certificates, passwords, identity information and similar
16 parameterizing systems and services.
20 inherited down the process tree, have size limitations, and issues with binary
21 data) or simple, unencrypted files on disk. `systemd`'s system and service
25 1. Service credentials are acquired at the moment of service activation, and
44 5. Credentials may optionally be encrypted and authenticated, either with a key
46 encryption is supposed to *just* *work*, and requires no manual setup. (That
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DBUILDING_IMAGES.md12 disk and booting it up. When building such "golden" OS images for
16 [`mkosi`](https://github.com/systemd/mkosi) OS image builder developed and
18 builder it's recommended to keep the following concepts and recommendations in
23 Typically the same OS image shall be deployable in multiple instances, and each
31 will be auto-generated on first boot and thus be truly unique. If this file
32 is not reset, and carries a valid ID every instance of the system will come
33 up with the same ID and that will likely lead to problems sooner or later,
41 same random data that is included in the image, and thus possibly generate
52 and
59 and
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DBOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE.md10 systemd can interface with the boot loader to receive performance data and
11 other information, and pass control information. This is only supported on EFI
12 systems. Data is transferred between the boot loader and systemd in EFI
22 when the loader finished its work and is about to execute the kernel. The
23 time spent in the loader is the difference between `LoaderTimeExecUSec` and
32 currently in use. It may be modified both by the boot loader and by the
42 timeout is turned off, and the menu is shown indefinitely.
63 identifier that was booted. It is set by the boot loader and read by
67 number of flags bits that are set by the boot loader and passed to the OS and
82 the responsibility of the boot loader to ensure the quality and integrity of
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/systemd-251/
DLICENSE.GPL26 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
12 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
13 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
16 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
23 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
26 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
39 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
41 distribute and/or modify the software.
43 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
45 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
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DTODO23 * fedora: suggest auto-restart on failure, but not on success and not on coredump. also, ask people…
27 * fedora: update policy to declare access mode and ownership of unit files to root:root 0644, and a…
43 - how to make changes to sysctl and sysfs attributes
54 …mergency" mode, vs. "rescue" mode, vs. "multi-user" mode, vs. "graphical" mode, and the debug shell
56 - instantiated apache, dovecot and so on
71 * link up selected blog stories from man pages and unit files Documentation= fields
77 * rework mount.c and swap.c to follow proper state enumeration/deserialization
86 images that owned by arbitrary UIDs, and are owned/managed by the users, but
88 privileged dirs inside of unprivileged dirs, and thus containers really
93 file to move there, since it is managed by privileged code (i.e. homed) and
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DLICENSE.LGPL2.16 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
16 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
17 Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change
22 Free Software Foundation and other authors who decide to use it. You
29 you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge
31 it if you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of
32 it in new free programs; and that you are informed that you can do
45 with the library after making changes to the library and recompiling
49 library, and (2) we offer you this license, which gives you legal
50 permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
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DNEWS1 systemd System and Service Manager
8 and CLOCK_BOOTTIME is now assumed to always exist.
14 routes to addresses specified in AllowedIPs= was added and enabled by
24 * The org.freedesktop.portable1 methods GetMetadataWithExtensions() and
27 The current implementation was judged to be broken and unusable, and
29 and backward compatibility broken instead on the assumption that
50 reasonably, hence separate ourselves from that and use PCR 12
55 *and* the old-style PCR 8. It's strongly advised to migrate all users
65 supposed to be used, and we already had a rule that with the
74 * The tmpfiles entries that create the /run/systemd/netif directory and
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DREADME1 systemd System and Service Manager
27 ...and many others
38 ≥ 4.10 for cgroup-bpf egress and ingress hooks
39 ≥ 4.15 for cgroup-bpf device hook and cpu controller in cgroup v2
44 ≥ 5.7 for BPF links and the BPF LSM hook
46 Kernel versions below 4.15 have significant gaps in functionality and
49 upstream support and testing are limited.
61 CONFIG_FHANDLE (libudev, mount and bind mount handling)
71 Legacy hotplug slows down the system and confuses udev:
74 Userspace firmware loading is not supported and should be disabled in
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/systemd-251/.lgtm/cpp-queries/
DPotentiallyDangerousFunction.ql20 f.getQualifiedName() = "fgets" and
23 f.getQualifiedName() = "strtok" and
26 f.getQualifiedName() = "strsep" and
29 f.getQualifiedName() = "dup" and
32 f.getQualifiedName() = "htonl" and
35 f.getQualifiedName() = "htons" and
38 f.getQualifiedName() = "ntohl" and
41 f.getQualifiedName() = "ntohs" and
44 f.getQualifiedName() = "strerror" and
47 f.getQualifiedName() = "accept" and
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